文法項目
grammatical items |
意味 meaning |
first VJG unit |
sentence
types |
|
1 |
word
order |
|
2 |
noun
phrase + の (particle) |
|
3 |
まえ、うしろ、みぎ、ひだり、うえ、した、むこう、てまえ、さき
(spatial expressions) |
|
4 |
いadjectives、なadjectives |
|
5 |
noun
phrase + へ、に、で、から、まで、を (particles) |
|
6 |
noun
phrase + が、を(particles) |
|
7 |
noun
phrase + は (particle) |
|
8 |
noun
phrase + も (particle) |
|
9 |
noun
phrase + へ、から、まで、に、までに、で、と、を (particles) |
|
10 |
こ…、そ…、あ…、ど…
(demonstrative pronouns) |
|
11 |
つ、にん、まい、ほん、さつ、はい、ひき、だい
(counters) |
|
12 |
だれ、なに、どれ、どちら、どっち、どこ、いつ、どの、どうして、いくら、etc.
(wh expressions) |
|
13 |
adjective
stem + く (adverb) |
|
14 |
adjective
stem + くなる (expression of change) |
|
14 |
direct-style
sentence + ようになる |
reach a point where X does ~ |
14 |
noun
phrase + になる (expression of change) |
|
14 |
stem +
にくい |
hard to do |
14 |
stem +
やすい |
easy to do |
14 |
なadjective/noun
+ に (adverb) |
|
14 |
ねん、がつ、にち、じ、ふん、etc.
(temporal expressions) |
|
15 |
particles
and verbs |
|
16 |
adverbs
and modifiers of nouns |
|
18 |
です・ます
vs. だ・る (speech styles) |
|
19 |
direct-style
conjugations of verbs |
|
20 |
sentence
+ から (subordinator) |
reason |
21 |
sentence
+ が (subordinator) |
but/background information |
22 |
sentence
+ け(れ)ど (subordinator) |
although |
22 |
てform |
|
22 |
てform +
いる (progressive) |
be doing |
23 |
てform +
来る |
come having done; event comes
into view; have been doing for a long time |
24 |
てform +
行く |
go having done: event is
receding from view; go on doing |
24 |
てform +
いる (resultant continuative) |
|
25 |
verbs
for clothing |
|
26 |
noun
phrase/direct-sytle sentence + より |
|
27 |
particle
combinations にも、へも、でも、からも、までも |
|
28 |
stem +
方(かた) |
how to do |
28 |
stem
+ たい(desiderative) |
desire: want to |
29 |
てform +
ほしい |
want X to do |
29 |
direct-style
sentence + かもしれない/かもしれません |
maybe; there is the possibility |
30 |
direct-style
sentence + だろう/でしょう |
high probability |
30 |
stem +
ながら |
while doing |
31 |
stem +
に行く |
go to do |
32 |
~たり~たりする |
sample activities: do such
things as ~ and ~ |
33 |
しか~ない |
no morer than |
34 |
だれも、なにも、どこも、etc. |
|
34 |
だれか、なにか、どこか、etc. |
|
35 |
~よう
(tentative form) |
let's do |
36 |
stem +
ましょう (polite tentative form) |
let's |
36 |
tentative
form + とする |
attempt to do |
36 |
tentative
form + と思う |
consider doing |
36 |
tentative
form + と思っている |
be considering doing |
36 |
complex
noun phrases |
|
37 |
direct-style
sentence + の (nominalizer) |
nominalizer: that ~; ~ing; ~to |
38 |
direct-style
sentence のだ/んだ |
circumstance: I'd like you to
understand that ~ |
39 |
direct-style
sentence + と思う |
think that |
40 |
direct-style
sentence + と言う |
say that |
40 |
direct-style
sentence + ようだ |
appearance: it looks like ~ |
41 |
direct-style
sentence + そうだ |
hearsay: I hear that ~ |
42 |
direct-style
sentence + つもりだ |
intention: I intend to ~; I plan
to ~ |
42 |
direct-style
sentence + はずだ |
expectation: my understanding is
that ~ |
42 |
direct-style
sentence + ために purpose |
in order to ~ |
43 |
direct-style
sentence + のに |
in doing; in order to ~ |
43 |
stem +
そうだ (intuitive judgement) |
it looks like that ~ |
44 |
direct-style
sentence +ように (quoting requests) |
|
45 |
direct-style
sentence (past) + 方(ほう)がいい |
strong advice for an action: had
better do |
46 |
direct-style
sentence + 方(ほう)がいい |
judgement: it is better to do |
46 |
particle
より |
|
46 |
~ら、 |
if/when |
47 |
~ら、どうですか |
suggestion; how about doing |
47 |
direct-style
sentence + か(どうか) (embedded question) |
whether (or not) |
47 |
direct-style
sentence + と (subordinator) |
whenever ~; if ~ |
48 |
てform +
あげる |
do others a favor |
49 |
てform +
くれる |
do me a favor of doing |
49 |
direct-style
sentence + こと (nominalizer) |
that ~; ~ing; ~to |
50 |
direct-style
sentence + ことがある |
significant experience |
50 |
direct-style
sentence + ことにする |
decide to do |
50 |
direct-style
sentence + ことになっている |
be supposed to ~; regulation is
~ |
50 |
direct-style
sentence + ことになる |
be decided for X to do; be
decided for X to have done |
50 |
direct-style
sentence + まで |
until |
51 |
direct-style
sentence + 前に |
before doing |
51 |
tense
marking |
|
51 |
の and こと
(pronominal) |
|
52 |
てform +
ある |
have done |
53 |
てform +
おく |
preparation: do in advance |
53 |
てform +
しまう |
do against expectation; do
prematurely |
53 |
てform +
みる |
adventurous first try: do and
see |
53 |
wh
expression + てform + も |
no matter wh~ |
54 |
てform +
も |
multiple options, same
consequence |
54 |
てform +
も + てform + も |
multiple options, same
consequence |
54 |
てform +
もいい |
permission |
54 |
~なくては{いけない/ならない}/ なくちゃ |
obligation: must |
55 |
~なくてもいい |
exemption |
55 |
てform +
はいけない/ならない |
prohibition: must not |
55 |
honorifics
いらっしゃる、おかえりになる、etc. |
|
56 |
てform +
くれてありがとう |
thank you for doing |
57 |
てform +
すみません |
apology: sorry for doing |
57 |
imperative
たべろ、のめ、etc. |
|
58 |
stem +
なさい |
imperative: do! |
58 |
てform +
ください |
please do |
58 |
させられる
(causative passive) |
be made to do |
59 |
られる
(passive) |
be done |
59 |
adversity
passive |
|
60 |
させる
(causative) |
make X to do |
61 |
てform +
もらう |
have X do as a favor |
62 |
gender
differences in speech |
|
65 |
られる
(potential) |
be able to do |
potential forms |